Atroporus diabolicus
Atroporus diabolicus (Berk.) Ryvarden 1973, in Palacio et all., Plos one, 12(10), e0186183 (2017).
Diagnosis: Basidiomata annual to biannual, central to eccentrically stipitate, solitary; pileus circular, up to 3.2 cm in diameter and 4 mm thick; pilear surface reddish black (10R2.5/1) to very dark red (2.5YR2.5/2), glabrous, radially striate to finely wrinkled; margin rounded/truncate, sterile, with a black cuticle. Pore surface light brown (7.5YR6/4) to dark brown (7.5YR3/2), in some specimens a black cuticle covering the surface; pores circular, regular, 5-8 per mm, 90-140(± 150) μm (ave = 111.5 μm, n = 80/2); dissepiments entire, 30-100.5(±120) μm thick, (ave = 51.1 μm, n = 80/2). Tubes concolorous with pore surface, not stratified to stratified into 3 layers, up to 7 mm long each one. Context homogeneous, light brown (7.5YR6/4), 1.5 mm thick. Stipe cylindrical, solid, glabrous, longitudinally striate, bearing a black cuticle up to 3.2 cm long, up to 5 mm diam., with a robust appearance. Hyphal system dimitic with generative hyphae and skeletal-binding hyphae. Generative hyphae with clamps, hyaline, thin-walled, 2±3 μm thick, difficult to observe. Skeletal-binding hyphae of two types; arboriform type, present in stipe and context, up to 230 μm long, 2.5±4 μm wide, thick-walled, with a short unbranched stalk (17.5-48 μm), 4±6 branches with an alternating arrangement, and shortened as getting closer to the trama of the tubes, hyaline to yellowish in KOH and water, IKI- (Figures 3A and 4A). In the trama of the tubes are present the second type of hyphae (Figs 3C and 4B), skeletal-binding hyphae short (41-75 μm long) and "prickly" always with acute apex that is projected above hymenium, golden yellow in KOH and water, strongly dextrinoid changing to dark brown in Melzer reagent, thick-walled, just after the septa (3±5 μm wide) developing a stalk, that is considerably enlarged at the central portion (7-11 μm wide), between the middle portion and apical portion arise 2 to 6 branches (1-3 μm wide), stalk ending in an acute apex, as small spines, at angles 75o-90o, generally longer towards the base, which can reach up to 76 μm long, sometimes with dichotomous branches. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, with a basal clamp, 19−22 × 6−8 μm. Cystidia and chlamydospores absent. Basidiospores ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, IKI-, CB-, (5.0-)6.0 (-7.0) × (2.0-)3.0-3.5 μm, (ave = 6 × 3 μm), Q = 1.7-2.5, (ave = 2, n = 40).
Index Fungorum Number: IF309367
Notes: Atroporus diabolicus is characterized by the presence of strongly dextrinoid skeletal- binding "prickly" hyphae with a pointed apex in the trama of the tubes that arises above the hymenium, the rounded/truncate and sterile margin and the robust appearance of the basidiomata. Atroporus dibolicus is microscopically similar to A. rufoatratus and A. infernalis, however A. rufoatratus has tramal skeletal-binding hyphae developing a stalk that tend to be slightly longer and narrower (49−93 × 2−8 μm), with a rounded and projected apex (lacking spine-like short branches), similar to those of A. infernalis. Macroscopically, A. infernalis is hitherto known by a short and lateral stipe with pileus flat and flabelliform, A. diabolicus is central to eccentrically stipitate with pileus flat and circular, and P. rufoatratus centrally stipitate with pileus circular, depressed to slightly infundibuliform.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of members of the Atroporus and Neodictyopus clades inferred from ITS, nucLSU, and RPB2 sequences. Topology from Bayesian Inference analysis. Bootstrap support values (before the slash markers) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (after the slash markers) are indicated. Red asterisks indicate the type species of the genus.
Figure 2. Basidiomata of Neodictyopus and Atroporus species. a. N. atlanticae (DS1284).a1. pores. b. N. dictyopus (GAS272). b1. pores and reticulated stipe. c. N. dictyopus type (Bertero 1683). d. N. gugliottae (GAS622). d1. pores. e. A. diabolicus (DS1266). e1. context and tubes. f. A. diabolicus type (NY 730627). f1. context and tubes. g. A. rufoatratus (LDA138). g1. pores. h. A. rufoatratus type (NY 730938). h1. pores. Scale bar: a, b, d-h = 1cm; c = 2 cm; a1-f1 = 2 mm; g1, h1 = 1 mm.
Figure 3. Comparison of microscopical features of Atroporus and Neodictyopus. Photos of: a. context hyphae of A. diabolicus (DS1266). b. context hyphae of N. atlanticae (DS1284). c. tramal hyphae A. diabolicus (DS1266). c.1 tramal hyphae A. rufoatratus (LDA138). d. tramal hyphae of N. atlanticae (DS1284). e. basidiospores of A. diabolicus (DS1266). f. basidiospores of A. rufoatratus (MP153). g. basidiospores of N. gugliottae (GAS622). h. basidiospores of N. atlanticae (FB351). Scale black bar = 1 μm.
Figure 4. Comparison of microscopical features of Atroporus and Neodictyopus. Schematic drawings of: a. context hyphae of A. diabolicus (DS1266). b. tramal hyphae A. diabolicus (DS1266). c1 basidiospores of A. diabolicus (DS1266). c2 basidiospores of A. rufoatratus (MP153). d. context hyphae of N. atlanticae (DS1284). e. tramal hyphae of N. atlanticae (DS1284). Basidiospores of f1. N. dictyopus (GAS281), f2. (BPI US207664, type of N. dictyopus). f3 N. gugliottae (GAS622). f4 N. atlanticae (FB351). Scale black bar = 10 μm.
Figure 5. Potential geographic distribution of Atroporus and Neodictyopus species based on biogeographical regionalization of Morronem 2014. A. A. diabolicus (Atlantic, ImerõÂ, and Xingu-TapajoÂs provinces). B. A. rufoatratus (Atlantic, ImerõÂ, Pantepui, and Parana Forest provinces). C. N. gugliottae (Araucaria and Parana provinces). D. N. dictyopus (Cerrado province and Juan Fernandez archipelago). E. N. atlanticae (Atlantic province).
Figure 6. Microscopical features of Atroporus diabolicus. a. tramal hyphae (DS1266). b. ellipsoid basidiospores (GAS679). Ø = clamp scar. Left arrow: Pointed apex of the hyphae. Scale bars = 10 μm.
References:
Morrone, J. J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782(1), 1-110
Palacio, M., Robledo, G. L., Reck, M. A., Grassi, E., Góes-Neto, A., & Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (2017). Decrypting the Polyporus dictyopus complex: Recovery of Atroporus Ryvarden and segregation of Neodictyopus gen. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomyocta). Plos one, 12(10), e0186183.
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